Human Papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family. Although there are many types of papillomaviruses that infect different animal species, HPV can only survive in humans.
HPV is a DNA-based virus with a 55 nm icosahedral structure (20-sided). Due to its small size, HPV can enter the human body through even minor skin abrasions.
There are more than 100 known subtypes of HPV, and at least 14 of them are classified as high-risk for causing cancer. Based on their cancer-causing potential, HPV types are categorized into:
High-risk HPV types: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52, 58
Low-risk HPV types: 6, 11, 40, 42
Among these, HPV 16 and 18 are strongly linked to cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.
HPV enters the human body and may cause changes in healthy cells, leading to cancers of the cervix, anus, and vagina.
Almost 100% of cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV infection, especially types 16 and 18.
HPV types 6 and 11, on the other hand, do not cause cancer, but are responsible for genital warts.
How Does HPV Affect the Body?
Most people infected with HPV show no symptoms. In fact, about 90% of HPV infections remain asymptomatic and resolve naturally within a few years.
However, individuals can unknowingly transmit the virus to others during this period.
In men, HPV causes warts around the penis and anus (polyps, skin tags).
In women, warts can develop around the vagina and anus.
HPV can also cause throat warts in both genders.
Because HPV is linked to various cancers, cancer-related symptoms may also appear.
Symptoms Related to Cervical Cancer and HPV:
Intermenstrual bleeding
Prolonged or heavy periods
Increased vaginal discharge
Painful or bleeding during sexual intercourse
Postmenopausal bleeding
Pelvic pain
What Is an HPV Test?
Also known as a Pap smear, this test is used for cervical cancer screening.
It is performed by collecting a sample from the transformation zone of the cervix — the area most commonly infected by HPV.
If the immune system fails to clear a high-risk HPV infection, it can progress to cancer over 10–20 years.
Samples are analyzed microscopically to detect early cellular changes. PCR testing may also be performed to confirm the presence of HPV DNA.
What Do HPV Test Results Mean?
HPV negative: Cells are normal; no signs of HPV detected.
HPV positive: Cellular changes are present, possibly indicating low-risk or high-risk infection.
It is important to note: An HPV-positive result does not mean cancer.
The specific type of HPV and other factors influence cancer risk.
Women who test positive for HPV should undergo further evaluation and follow-up care at a medical facility.
How Is HPV Transmitted?
HPV is primarily a sexually transmitted virus, but its small structure allows it to infect even without intercourse — entering through microtears in the genital area.
HPV risk factors include:
Early sexual activity (before age 20)
Immunosuppressive illnesses or medications
Smoking
Treatment of Papilloma and HPV-Related Lesions
Treatment focuses on removing warts or precancerous lesions caused by HPV.
Topical creams: Prescribed by a doctor to treat genital warts
Surgical methods: Cryotherapy, laser removal, or excision may be required
The HPV vaccine is the most effective method of prevention and can protect against the most dangerous HPV types.
For more information about HPV testing, Pap smear, or to schedule an appointment online, contact our Call Center at (012) 910 or WhatsApp us at (055) 4000 910.